The beneficial effects of vermicast on soil fertility in general, and agriculture in particular, are widely recognized, but there are no reports on the effect of storage on vermicast quality. The present study is an attempt to cover this knowledge gap as it may assist in the formulation of guidelines for packaging and storing of vermicast in a manner that preserves the cast’s fertilizer value. Vermicast generated from paper waste was packed in airtight and partially sealed bags with and without pre-drying for 24 h. Changes in several physical, chemical, and biological properties of the castings were monitored for 3 months with weekly assessments. The results reveal that the beneficial properties of vermicast were the highest when it was fresh. There was deterioration on storage, which can be minimized if the castings are contained in airtight bags after pre-drying the casts.

Introduction: The use of non-conventional feedstuffs is gaining recognition especially in developing countries. Ensiled cattle manure with other feedstuffs has been used in ruminant feeding. Vermicomposting, a tool for manure management can be employed as a means for manure treatment with the aim of enhancing nutritive value of forage. The objectives of the study were to determine the nutritive value of cattle manure vermicast (CMV) and to observe gas production in vitro due to CMV inclusion on rice straw at different proportions.Results: Vermicomposting of cattle manure at 2, 4 and 6 weeks linearly increased (P<0.05) significantly crude protein and ash, while it linearly decreased (P<0.05) significantly organic matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre. The result showed that, gas production decline with an increased in CMV content (P<0.05). CMV addition to rice straw had no significant (P>0.05) effect on rumen pH and microbial crude protein production in vitro. CMV inclusion reduced dry matter degradability and increased partitioning factor at 48 h.5% inclusion level of CMV gave the highest results while 30% CMV had the least results.Conclusion: Vermicomposting of cattle manure increased its nutritive value, with increase in crude protein content and decrease in NDF and ADF. Results of in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation profiles from this study indicated that inclusion of CMV reduced gas production and DMD; however, it increased PF48, with no significant changes in MCP. Vermicomposting has the potential of being used as another tool for forage treatment and addition of CMV could be expected to reduce ruminant gas production, increase ME and microbial protein synthesis.

Ruminants have low efficiency of nitrogen utilisation, unutilised nitrogen is being excreted in the faeces and urine. The most effective way to minimise nitrogen losses in ruminant production is through efficient feeding strategy. Ruminant manure is an inevitable consequence of its production. All these have adverse environmental effects. Composting and vermicomposting have been suggested as efficient tools for recycling manure, these bring a stabilised and sanitised end product for agriculture. Composting process is an accelerated aerobic degradation of fresh organic matter by microorganism to mature compost. Nevertheless, it may bring some environmental problems by releasing gases which include ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide, reduce the agronomic value of the manure and increase the cost of composting through turning of the compost to ensure aeration. To overcome the cost of composting and produce high quality products, vermicomposting is being recommended. Vermicomposting involves the bio-oxidation and stabilisation of organic material by the joint action of earthworm and microorganism. Moreover, the combination of composting and vermicomposting has been considered as a way of achieving stabilised substrates. Ensiled cattle manure treated with straws has been used to improve nutritional quality of ruminant feed and the result was encouraging. Vermicast, an end product of vermicomposting has higher nutrients content compared with manure or composted manure. Therefore vermicomposting of ruminant manure with rice/wheat straws might have the potential of being used as feed supplement to small ruminant. The likely benefit will be an increase in feed intake, increase in microbial protein supply, increase in fibre digestibility and possibly an increase in weight gain. The aim of this review is to discuss nitrogen losses in ruminant production and manure management and to provide an insight on the possibility of using vermicast as feed supplement to ruminants and as probiotic for treating fibrous feed.

Background and purpose: Perforation impairs the prognosis of endodontic treatments, so, timely and accurate diagnosis is important. For this purpose, various radiographic diagnostic tools have been studied to select the method that has the least complications and helps in making the most accurate diagnosis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intra oral digital radiography phosphor storage plates (PSP) in detection of strip perforation in endodontically treated teeth. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 124 extracted mandibular molar teeth were selected. Standard access cavities were prepared, then cleaning and shaping in mesiolingual canal were performed by Protaper Gold rotary instruments to size F2. Next, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=31 per group). Control group was left with no perforation while distal wall of mesiolingual canal in other three groups were perforated using Gates Glidden #2 and 3 in 1-3 mm below the furcation region in three ranges,0-0. 5, 0. 5-1, and 1-1. 5 mm. Electronic Digital Caliper was used to confirm the accuracy of the size of perforations. Obturation was performed in mesiolingual canals employing sealer and gutta-percha by lateral condensation technique. The teeth were then randomly placed in bovin ribs. PSP and CBCT images of all samples were examined by two oral radiologists and data were analyzed in SPSS. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PSP were 90. 8%, 88. 7%, and 90% and those of CBCT were 95. 7%, 72. 6%, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity of CBCT was found to be significantly higher than that of PSP (P<0. 01), while specificity of PSP was significantly higher than that of CBCT (P<0. 01). Conclusion: CBCT is the most reliable technique when it is not possible to detect strip perforation in filled root canals by conventional periapical digital imaging systems.

Energy storage is currently a key focus of the energy debate. In Germany, in particular, the increasing share of power generation from intermittent renewables within the grid requires solutions for dealing with surpluses and shortfalls at various temporal scales. Covering these requirements with the traditional centralised power plants and imports and exports will become increasingly difficult as the share of intermittent generators rises across Europe. Pumped hydropower storage plants have traditionally played a role in providing balancing and ancillary services, and continue to do so. However, the construction of new plants often requires substantial interventions into virgin landscape and bio-habitats; this is often fiercely opposed by local citizens. Utility-scale lithium ion batteries have recently entered the energy scene. Albeit much smaller than most pumped hydropower plants, they can also provide the required balancing and ancillary services. They can be constructed on brownfield sites as and where needed, to support the move towards increasingly decentralised energy systems. Although they are seen by some as a more environmentally friendly option, they do cause impacts relating to the consumption of limited natural resources during the production stage. Addressing initially technological capacity of pumped hydropower storage and utility-scale battery to meet the required services, a simplified LCA will be performed to examine the environmental impacts throughout their life cycles. This includes two sensitivity analyses. Issues addressed in this paper include also methodological issues relating to comparability and those parameters that are pivotal to the LCA result.

Water Water deficit especially after heading is one of the most effective factors of wheat yield loss in Iran and across the world and identifying the physiological traits related to plant resilience is of great importance in screening for tolerant varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in stem reserves accumulation capacity and its relationship with remobilization in some wheat cultivars. 22 wheat cultivars were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications, full irrigation and 40% of field capacity being main plots. The amount of accumulation and remobilization was estimated by measuring internodes weight and stem soluble carbohydrates content (WSC). Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and drought conditions. Maximum accumulation was found in lower internodes followed by peduncle and penultimate using dry weight measurement method. In WSC measurement method, however, maximum accumulation was observed in penultimate followed by lower internodes and peduncle. Cultivars ranking based on accumulation was also different in two methods. Drought stress caused decline in internodes weight, WSC and yield and remobilization efficiency. The specific stem weight had the highest correlation with remobilization. Significant correlation was found between grain yield and remobilization, specific stem weight and WSC.

Lysosomes are cytoplasmic organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the macromolecules proteins of cellular catabolism. The causes of lysosomal enzyme disorder stem from1. Impaired enzyme synthesis2. Abnormal enzyme targeting3. Defect of structure of Accessory factor which is needed for enzymes function. Clinical manifestations depend on the organ (s) involved.

Background and Objectives: Activated platelets release microparticles (MPs) in vivo or in the platelet concentrate (PC) product in response to some stimulators. This study compared the two different storage media of plasma and Composol for PC regarding the extent of MPs formation as a new index for comparing platelet stability.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 PC units were prepared. The platelets were divided into two equal portions. Plasma was replaced with the additive solution of Composol in one of the portions. Sampling was carried out at the days 2, 4 and 7 after storage. Afterwards, the MPs were separated and their concentrations were collected using Bradford method. T-tests was used to compare the results of this experiment.Results: The results showed that the amounts of MPs increased during the storage. In each media of plasma or Composol, the concentration of MPs showed a significant difference between the days 4 and 7 of the storage. Besides, the final concentration of MPs did not show a significant difference between the two media at the day 4 of the storage whereas this difference was significant at the day 7 of storage (p<0.05).Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the quantity of MPs in PCs stored in plasma or Composol up to the day 4 of the storage. This difference became significant after 7 days of the storage, in which the generation of MPs showed significant increase in plasma than Composol. These observations revealed an advantage for Composol as a PC storage medium.

In the global supply chain, warehouses play a significant role, yet the construction land for warehouse areas is decreasing. This issue requires the company to discover a method of optimizing the available warehouse area under various policies. This article contains a systematic review of class-based storage articles that becomes essential due to the absence of the latest and comprehensive similar literature. This study aims to analyze various policies for optimizing warehouse functions and provide direction for opportunities for future research in sustainable topics. A systematic review is employed in this study to search for articles from 2004-2023 originating from four journal databases, which are ScienceDirect, Emerald, tnfonline, and Researchgate; to be later organized based on the procedures of systematic literature review (SLR). The research results show various aspects, such as the purpose of conducting the research, the findings in the article, the impact of the results influencing the optimization of warehouse functions, and the gaps in previous studies, which are opportunities for future research to create more complex and comprehensive research results on similar research topics. It is expected that this study could contribute to filling in the theoretical gap by completing the existing literature. Therefore, scientific value can be added by presenting the newest comprehensive literature review.